What is the Difference Between Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and reduction are two types of chemical reactions that often work together. Oxidation and reduction reactions involve an exchange of electrons between reactants. For many students, the confusion occurs when attempting to identify which reactant was oxidized and which reactant was reduced. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? Oxidation vs. Reduction Reduction and oxidation occur simultaneously in a type of chemical reaction called a reduction-oxidation or redox reaction.The oxidized species loses electrons, while the reduced species gains electrons.Despite the name, oxygen need not be present in an oxidation reaction. Oxidation vs Reduction Oxidation occurs when a reactant loses electrons during the reaction. Reduction occurs when a reactant gains electrons during the reaction. This often occurs when metals are reacted with acid. Oxidation and Reduction Examples Consider the reaction between zinc metal and hydrochloric acid. Zn(s) 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) H2(g) If this reaction where broken down to the ion level: Zn(s) 2 H(aq) 2 Cl-(aq) → Zn2(aq) 2 Cl-(aq) 2 H2(g) First, look at what happens to the zinc atoms. Initially, we have a neutral zinc atom. As the reaction progresses, the zinc atom loses two electrons to become a Zn2 ion. Zn(s) → Zn2(aq) 2 e- The zinc was oxidized into Zn2 ions. This reaction is an oxidation reaction. The second part of this reaction involves the hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ions are gaining electrons and bonding together to form dihydrogen gas. 2 H 2 e- → H2(g) The hydrogen ions each gained an electron to form the neutrally charged hydrogen gas. The hydrogen ions are said to be reduced and the reaction is a reduction reaction. Since both processes are going on at the same time, the initial reaction is called an oxidation-reduction reaction. This type of reaction is also called a redox reaction (REDuction/OXidation). How to Remember Oxidation and Reduction You could just memorize oxidation: lose electrons-reduction: gain electrons, but there are other ways. There are two mnemonics to remember which reaction is oxidation and which reaction is reductions. The First One is OIL RIG Oxidation Involves Loss of electronsReduction Involves Gain of electrons. The Second Is 'LEO the Lion Says GER' Lose Electrons in OxidationGain Electrons in Reduction. Oxidation and reduction reactions are common when working with acids and bases and other electrochemical processes. Use these two mnemonics to help keep in mind which process is the oxidation and which is the reduction reaction.

Role Of Childhood In Jane Eyre - 1118 Words

Discuss the presentation of childhood in Jane Eyre and Hard Times It is important to appreciate historical context when studying literature in order to gain as thorough understanding of the text as possible. Jane Eyre is a bildungsroman novel originally published in the 19th Century when Victorian attitudes to childhood differed considerably from today. Victorian England was a very patriotic society. Both Jane Eyre and Hard Times were written in an era of social upheaval. During the 17th and 18th century it was argued that children were born with their mind as a blank page and that this page must be written on – that is to say the mind must be filled with knowledge, ideas and values, which, modified by experience, would equip children†¦show more content†¦They very much sought attention to the injustice they saw in society. Within both novels there is a wide use of personification. For example, in Hard Times, chapter 1 â€Å"his very neck cloth, trained to take him by the throat with an unaccommodating grasp† this gives a neck cloth a very human like characteristic. It’s telling us that his neck cloth has an extremely tight grip. However, the author uses personification to describe it and make it sound purposeful. The effect of this gives the reader more imagination by giving the cloth human like traits. During the first few chapters of Jane Eyre, she is met by Mr Brocklehurst at Gateshead Manor. He is described in the novel as a ‘black pillar’. It gives the impression that he is tall, large, and strong by the use of the word ‘pillar’. The world ‘black’ gives of a dark, gloomy impression. His face is also described as ‘like a carved mark’. This is a simile within the novel. It tells us that Mr Brocklehurt is â€Å"emotionless† or may not have very varied facial expressions. Either way it makes the reader feel that he has a very stern look about him. Through the use of such metaphors similes, Bronte is able to appeal to the reader’s sense of sympathy. Throughout the novel Jane is speaking in first person. Jane Eyre is a homodiegetic novel meaning that Bronte is a character within her own story. Because of this, thoughts and emotions are easilyShow MoreRelatedFilm Analysis Of The Novel Jane Eyre1243 Words   |  5 Pag esMost film adaptations of Charlotte Bronte’s dense novel, Jane Eyre, have to give up the luxury of accuracy in order to produce the film without losing their audience halfway through. However, the 2006 film adaptation of Jane Eyre starring Ruth Wilson as Jane Eyre and Toby Stephens as Edward Fairfax Rochester successfully mirrors Bronte’s novel all the while keeping the audience engaged and intrigued. The film successfully allows the audience, including those who have and have not read the novel,Read MoreFeminism in Jane Eyre and the wide sargasso sea Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesLadan Abdullahi Feminism in Jane eyre and Wide Sargasso Sea A patriarchal society is a world in which men are the sole decision makers and hold positions of power and the highest authority. Patriarchy occurs when men are dominant, not necessarily in numbers but in their status related to decision making and power. As a result, women are introduced to a world made by men, and a history refined by a mans actions. In jean Rhys Wide Sargasso Sea, the author focuses on the history of Bertha, oneRead MoreEmily Bronte s Wuthering Heights Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesComing from a very talented and literate family background, the Brontà « sisters have both written novels centered on orphans’ pursuits of love that may have challenged civilized society. Emily Jane Brontà « and Charlotte Brontà « are among the six children born to Reverend Patrick Brontà « and Maria Branwell Brontà « (â€Å"Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬ ). The loss of their mother and two eldest sisters resulted in different responses between Charlotte and Emily, while Emily b ecame shyer, Charlotte developed a dominant attitudeRead MoreJane Eyre and Class System973 Words   |  4 PagesRevolutionary Jane In Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s time, the Victorian era, class system still played a huge role in society. People of a certain class would often look down on people from another class. Class was something you were born into. It was almost impossible to shift from one class to another. In the novel Jane Eyre, Brontà « presents a very revolutionary character in that aspect. Charlotte Brontà « is critical about the class system and tries to show that through Jane Eyre. Jane Eyre is not influenced byRead MoreJane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte Essay1162 Words   |  5 Pageswomen’s roles in society and such opinion is shown in Jane Eyre. Although Jane Eyre was considered radical for its time because women weren’t supposed to play the role of heroine, Jane Eyre rises up from her oppressors, fights for what she thinks is right, and above all stays true to herself and today is considered a true role model for heroine characters. Jane Eyre tells the story of an orphan who goes through her life with challenges and goes on to have an ‘awakening’ in the process. Jane goes throughRead MoreHow Does Jasper Fforde s The Eyre Affair Testify?1419 Words   |  6 PagesHow does Jasper Fforde’s The Eyre Affair testify to the importance of reading in the formation of one’s self-identity? Many aspects contribute to the formation of a person’s self-identity. Whether it be their surroundings, their culture, their language, or even other’s personal identities, they all shape one’s perception of the world, the self-imposed rules surrounding them, and where they believe they belong within it. This world is encompassed with stories, and they contribute to the fabricationRead MoreCHARLOTTE BRONTE AS A HIDDEN WRITER INTRODUCTION Charlotte bronte was an English novelist and poet800 Words   |  4 PagesCHARLOTTE BRONTE AS A HIDDEN WRITER INTRODUCTION Charlotte bronte was an English novelist and poet and the eldest of the three bronte sisters.even after a strenuous childhood she managed to write and publish her works and gain fame. Being a Victorian writer, obviously it was a difficult task for her to take her own stand in a male dominated era. After many rejections and disparages she decided to change her pen name from charlotte bronte to Currer Bell. The main reason behind writing as a male wasRead MoreJane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1714 Words   |  7 Pages Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brà ¶nte voiced the radical opinions of Brà ¶nte on religion, gender, and social class. Jane Eyre, a young orphan who lived with her vituperative aunt and cousins, strayed away from the Victorian ideals of a woman and established a new status for herself. Jane Eyre was originally written in 1827 and was heavily influenced by the late gothic literature of the 19th century. Gothic literary aspects such as supernatural occurrences, mysteries and dark secrets, madness and dangerRead MoreJane Eyre Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"I am no bird; and no net ensnares me; I am a free human being with an independent will.† (Bronte, Jane Eyre). This quote expresses Charlotte’s beliefs on women’s equalities. Charlotte Bronte was born in 1816. She was one of six children and lived in Yorkshire County England. She first worked as a governess in the Sidewick family then in the White family for only nine months. Charlotte wanted more for herself, and none of her jobs satisfied her ambitions. When she moved back home, she discoveredRead MoreCharacters And Characterism In Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte1106 Words   |  5 Pagesof this. In the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà ©, Jane Eyre is impacted greatly by characters such as Mrs. Reed, Helen Burns, and Mrs. Temple. These characters, just like the flower at mercy its environment, had left a great impact on Jane. Every story has a villain, and in Jane Eyre that happens to be Mrs. Reed, Jane’s aunt. Mrs. Reed had a negative influence on Jane, however, she did unintentionally teach her how to stand up for herself. One example of this is when Jane expresses her thoughts

Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications Free Essays

Assignment #4 Observation Report A: Describe one on-the-job problem of issue encountered and how it was resolved. I first encountered this problem two weeks into my internship with Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications. After my orientation week, it was finally time for me to take on projects on my own and start communicating with some of the clients and media the department would follow up from time to time. We will write a custom essay sample on Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the projects that I was tasked was to prepare the Arabic version of Raffles Hotel’s fact sheet for the Saudi Arabia sales trip that the Director of Sales and Marketing will be doing at the end of the week. This request came in as a last minute project as there were several delays in the process of translation and positioning of the facts and information. In what limited time I had, it does seem that I would not be able to complete to the fact sheet in time due to the constant delays from the Translation Company and external help that took quite some time to get back to me. Time wasn’t on my side and I knew I cannot afford to mess up this project. That was when I decided to adopt one of the many values that Raffles Hotel believes in – taking ownership of guest requests. Instead of sitting around waiting for things to happen and emails to be replied, I decided that it was time for me to take action and get what needs to be done, done. The issue was eventually resolved after I made personal trips around the hotel, asking for help from colleagues from various departments that have knowledge in the Arabic language. I managed to prepare the Arabic fact sheet of Raffles Hotel in time for the Saudi Arabia sales trip and have shown my managers that I am someone they can trust to get things done on time and to the best of my abilities. How to cite Raffles Hotel Marketing Communications, Papers

Mining Decision Trees Theory Applications â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Mining Decision Trees Theory Applications? Answer: Introduction In this twenty first century businesses are experiencing a wide access to data. There has been an increase in the memory along with the computing power to the machines, business data has become more and more attractive (Aggarwal, 2015). The concept of the big data has been utilized almost in every field. There are a lot of researcher who are dedicated to finding useful information from this mass data which is regarded as mining (Aggarwal, 2015). The data mining is an enterprise method intended to explore large amounts of data to discover meaningful patterns in addition to rules. Over the decades, the data mining has gone through under different names for example the enterprise intelligence, predictive analysis, information discovery as well as predictive modeling (Braha, 2013). The process of data mining entails finding of the patterns in a lot more complex data sets, with the purpose of synthesizing the data as well as utilizing it to render the predictions in relation to the future (Braha, 2013). It also provide the business research workers to utilize the big data to ensure it is way quicker, along with improved capital investment as well as operating decisions all through the business . The data mining is a crucial tool with regards to the business environment as well as running it more effectively (Shmueli Lichtendahl Jr, 2017). The process of the data mining has been aided by the computer as well as goals to search out and analyze a particular facts from the huge sets of the data. Although the data mining technology has been improved greatly over the years, there are new challenges which still emerge in regards to specific data structure for example the high dimensionality, as well detecting the joint effect variables. To be able to discover on the previous patterns which were unknown to be able to predict after that there is need for organization to overcome on these challenges. In this research it aims to discuss various concepts in relation to the data mining. Some of the things which are discussed would be models related to the data mining, benefits of the data mining and drawbacks, ethical and unethical related to data mining, techniques of the data mining. Model related to data mining There are two kind of models of operation in relation to the data mining which enables one to discover data of interest for purpose of decision making (Fan Bifet, 2013). Verification model: In this model it takes the inputs from the user along with testing the validity of it against the data (Larose, 2014). The emphasis of the use of this method usually lies with the user who is much responsible for the purpose of formulation of the hypothesis as well as issues of query in regards to the data to be able to affirm or even negate the hypothesis. Discovery model: In this model it usually differ in regards to the emphasis in which highlights that it is the system which automatically discover on the significance of the information which are hidden in the data (Fan Bifet, 2013). The data is shifted in the search for the patterns, trends as well as generalization which occurs more frequently about the data without the intervention or even the guidance from the users. Benefits of the data mining Data mining entails collecting, processing, storing as well as analyzing the data to be able to discover any new information from it (Linden Yarnold, 2016). There are many benefits which are associated to data mining they are as follows; Marketing: The data mining can help the marketing organization to be able to build on the models which is based on the historical data to be able to predict who would be respond to the new marketing campaigns for example the direct mail, the online as well as the marketing campaign (Rokach Maimon, 2014). Through the result obtained it would be possible for the marketers to have an appropriate approach and be able to sell profitable products to their customers. Finance/ banking The concept of the data mining provides the financial organization such as the banks data in regards to the loan information and the credit reporting about the clients. They will be able to build models from the historical data of the customer and be able to determine the good as well as bad loan (Linden Yarnold, 2016). Moreover, data mining could help the banks to be in a position to identify fraudulent credit card exchange to manage to safeguard the credit card owners. Manufacturing Through the application of the data mining especially in the operational engineering data, the manufactures are able to detect on any of the faulty equipment as well as determine on the optimal control aspects (Linden Yarnold, 2016). An example, the semiconductor manufactures encounters the challenge that even the various conditions which are found in the manufacturing environment at different production plants are much similar (Linden Yarnold, 2016). Data mining could be utilized to determine the ranges of controlling these parameters which lead to the production of the products at the desired quality. Governments The aspect of the data mining has helped various agencies of government to dig and analyze the records for the purpose of the financial transaction to build the patterns which are able to detect the money laundering or even the criminal activities. Disadvantages of the data mining The privacy concerns: Data mining leads to issues relating to personal privacy which have increased over the years particularly when the internet has been booming with the social networks, forums, e-commerce as well as the blogs (Lu, Setiono Liu, 2017). Due to the issue of privacy individuals are much afraid of their personal data being collected and utilized in a manner that is unethical which could cause them a lot of trouble. The business usually collect the information in regards to their clients in different ways to be able to understand on their purchasing behavior patterns. Security concerns: The aspect of security is a very big issue. The business possess data about their workers as well as the customers which include the social security numbers, as well as their payrolls (Rajola, 2013). There are concern on how this information is taken care of in those organization. There have been situations in which the hackers get access to the system in the organization and steal big data of the customers from these organization; example of organization which have encountered these are Ford Motor Credit and Sony (Rajola, 2013). Due to the huge number of the personal as well as financial data which is available there has been rise of the credit card and identity theft issues which has become a problem. The misuse of the data/ inaccurate data Data is collected by means of data mining which is intended for the ethical objective and in some cases this data could be misused (Rajola, 2013). The information may be subject to exploitation by unethical individuals or even businesses to be able to take advantage of the vulnerable individuals or discriminate against a given group of individuals. Major Data mining techniques There are several core techniques which are used for the data mining and they can make an organization to create an optimal results. Classification Analysis In this technique it is used to retrieve any vital as well as relevant information from a given set of data. This method is used to classify various data to various classes (Larose, 2014). The classification is much similar to the clustering in a way it could segment the data records into the various segments regarded as the classes. Association rule learning This refers to the technique to which can assist one in identifying some interest in relations to the various variables especially in the large databases (Larose, 2014). This technique could help one to unpack some of the hidden patterns in a particularly data which could be used in identifying of the variables that within a data as well as the concurrence of different kind of variables which appears more frequently in the datasets. Clustering technique This technique is a collection of the objects of the data and the object are much similar within a given cluster. This therefore means that the objects are significantly comparable to one within the same group and they differ to the objects in the other groups or to the other cluster. The clustering approach is the strategy of discovering the groups along with the clusters in the data in a way to which the degree of the association between the two objects is higher in case they fall under the same group. Ethical and unethical issues related to data mining There has been many arguments that the data mining is ethically neutral. Some of these arguments includes aspect such as how the data mining does not present new ethical issues, as well as privacy laws which are in place to be able to protect individuals and how the data mining is just another kind of statistical measures. One of the ethical aspect is that the data mining is just like any other statistical procedure for example the surveys as well as the regression analysis (Witten, Frank, Hall Pal, 2016). Data mining only utilizes set of established as well as ethically accepted statistical approaches. Data mining is just a method of the data collection and interpretation. There are privacy laws which are in place to be able to protect the consumers from any kind of harm. Moreover, many of the organization releases data about their privacy protection in respect to their consumer individual data (Witten, Frank, Hall Pal, 2016). The law is therefore important when it comes to the ethics of the data mining. The privacy of personal data is an ethical issue and there is need for necessary laws which are in place to protect individuals information from falling on the wrong hands which could cause a lot of trouble when the information is exposed. Another ethical issue is the group profiling and this issue has been there even before the existence of the data warehouse as well as the data mining approaches (Witten, Frank, Hall Pal, 2016). The data mining usually takes place when there has been a large collection of the data and this could present a new issue when it comes to the group profiling that has never occurred as before. Unethical issues in data mining There has been many arguments which have been present in regards to how data mining has been unethical practice (Rokach Maimon, 2014). Some of these argument highlights on issues such as the loss of the privacy, the data not been utilized for the intended purposes as well as the issue of the group profiling. It has been argued data mining concept is unethical as it takes away on the rights of the clients over their private data. Another issue is when the data mining approaches are done on the data which was collected for another purpose to which it was intended not to be. The ethical aspect is that the rights of the data are only released for a given purpose, and when they have been used for another purpose it could lead to adverse effect and yield negative consequences (Wu, Zhu, Wu Ding, 2014). This can have unjust consequence to the person who had disclosed the information to the organization. Another issue is that of group profiling especially when data mining takes place to scales which are much higher than the preceding techniques and this could led to the discrimination (Zhao, 2015). With the extent to which the data mining is performed on large data warehouse, the scales of the discrimination could be big. This could lead to the unethical discrimination against person who are based on the relationship which is highlighted in the two variables. Conclusion Data mining is a technique which has been utilized by various parties and it affect a large group of the stakeholders. The concept of data mining has become an interesting when it comes to the ethical topic and at such it has been analyzed to reach a balanced conclusion. From the research which has been done, it has highlighted on various concepts such as models related to the data mining, benefits of the data mining and drawbacks, ethical and unethical related to data mining, techniques of the data mining. References Aggarwal, C. C. (2015). Outlier analysis. In Data mining (pp. 237-263). Springer International Publishing. Braha, D. (Ed.). (2013). Data mining for design and manufacturing: methods and applications (Vol. 3). Springer Science Business Media. Fan, W., Bifet, A. (2013). Mining big data: current status, and forecast to the future. ACM sIGKDD Explorations Newsletter, 14(2), 1-5. Freitas, A. A. (2013). Data mining and knowledge discovery with evolutionary algorithms. Springer Science Business Media. Larose, D. T. (2014). Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley Sons. Linden, A., Yarnold, P. R. (2016). Using data mining techniques to characterize participation in observational studies. Journal of evaluation in clinical practice, 22(6), 839-847. Lu, H., Setiono, R., Liu, H. (2017). Neurorule: A connectionist approach to data mining. arXiv preprint arXiv:1701.01358. Rajola, F. (2013). Data Mining Techniques. In Customer Relationship Management in the Financial Industry (pp. 109-125). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rokach, L., Maimon, O. (2014). Data mining with decision trees: theory and applications. World scientific. Shmueli, G., Lichtendahl Jr, K. C. (2017). Data Mining for Business Analytics: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in R. John Wiley Sons. Witten, I. H., Frank, E., Hall, M. A., Pal, C. J. (2016). Data Mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques. Morgan Kaufmann. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data. IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering, 26(1), 97-107. Zhao, Y. (2015). Data mining techniques.