Design Airline System

Structure Airline System The point of the task is to structure and actualize a Web-dependent on line Airline Reservation System. The undertaking will be executed utilizing 3-level engineering; JSP, JavaServlets, MySQL database and the Apache Tomcat server. The essential objective of this undertaking is to permit travelers to include, alter and erase flight appointments. At the point when the traveler visits the site just because, the traveler can enlist their subtleties as a major aspect of the flight booking process. Likewise, the traveler will be given login subtleties when they register on the off chance that they have to make changes to their current appointments or make new appointments later on. The air terminal staff will likewise have login subtleties. Travelers will have the option to registration by means of oneself assistance registration; likewise air terminal staff can offer full-support registration. Furthermore, a rundown can be made demonstrating travelers with overweight baggage for business and economy class just as a consolidated rundown of the two classes. Existing Systems Exploration has been made into existing robotized framework Airline System utilized by Malaysia Airlines, the framework is known as Kommas. KOMMAS is utilized by Malaysia Airlines for ticket reservation and is a DOS-based framework. In light of my exploration the Kommas framework has been utilized for over 25 years and has been redesigned multiple times till date. The framework is still been use for reservation and registration for travelers. A similar framework is utilize global to do reservations; the Kommas framework has various highlights including checking the takeoff time and day to explicit spot. The framework has a favorable position of demonstrating flights that are offered by different bearers in Malaysia and abroad. When reserving a spot, the client will enter key subtleties required to make a booking and afterward if the client is content with the accessible flight, the client can make a booking. Subsequent to making a booking, the framework checks if the seat and flight has been affirmed. The framework can likewise shows what number of seats are left if the client will jump at the chance to make all the more reserving. On the off chance that there are no seats left a spring up screen is shown saying flight or seat can't be affirm. After an accepting affirmation, the traveler can than pay for ticket and when installment is affirm can decide to print the ticket, conveyed and dont like to pay quickly the client can save the seat for the client for a later date. The framework will give the client reference number to enter in into the framework later. The client has a cutoff time to gather the ticket fourteen days before takeoff, and if the ticket isn't gathered and paid for before the fourteen days the framework will consequently drop the booking and make seat accessible for others to save. There is no store required for reservations. For clients who like to change their flights takeoff date or time, the framework client needs to enter in the clients reference number and afterward change the subtleties; they can likewise drop their flight on the off chance that they wish. The travelers data will be put away in the framework database for the following a half year. After this time the framework will consequently erase the travelers data. This framework additionally permits travelers to orchestrate extraordinary necessities, for example, veggie lover food. Travelers can likewise pick explicit seats they like. Reservation division does the booking; be that as it may, the tagging office likewise can likewise get to it and reserve a spot for travelers. Reservation and Ticketing offices are connected together and can get to a similar database. KOMMAS have a particular code for framework clients. Clients that reserve a spot and tagging have the most noteworthy benefits to utilize the framework. For overseeing level, they can just access the framework and check the report of travelers and flights reservation data. At organization level clients can revise takeoff time and flights. Framework down had personal time before. All things considered, all the tagging reservations were done physically. The framework additionally has a reinforcement office to back up the data everything being equal and traveler data. This forestalls the harm of database because of infection or physical harm. Thus the odds of information misfortune are outlandish. Then again, this framework has a few issues. It cannot deliver answers as per the prerequisites. The interface is like DOS and subsequently isn't extremely alluring with essential clever. This additionally makes the KOMMAS framework not easy to understand. Clients need to remember different codes to reserve a spot, see reports, beware of flights and so on. Data about a traveler isn't shown in a simple to understand way. As far as security issues, the framework needs secret phrase insurance to get to the framework clients get to the framework by utilizing an entrance code given to them. Why Airline Reservation System is required? An Airline Reservation System is exposed to numerous advantages some of which are recorded underneath: †¢ Increase in Sales of Tickets With Airline Reservation System it permits carrier administrators to follow travelers buying inclinations and with this uncommon flight bundles to existing travelers can be advanced or even lastminute arrangements can be made accessible at less expensive cost. Knowing the Passengers reservations examples can be utilized to decide the attractive flights which implies they can give more flights and administrations to satisfy the popularity. Moreover, ARS is likewise competent in expanding traveler fulfillment and reliability by offering great types of assistance and quick reservation. †¢ Reduce in Cost and Time Traditional paper reservation records have a ton of disadvantages: they could be fragmented, lost, torn, lost or worn. They require a few extra rooms just as requiring broad authoritative time from client. With the execution of Airline Reservation System, it can back-up which will forestall information lost and abatement in time and cost. It can speed up preparing, reserving spot and looking. Henceforth, it gives travelers fulfillment. Day by day or month to month deals report can be created naturally from the information put away in the framework. Time isn't squandered attempting to create report physically. †¢ More Organized Information Flight ticket reservation help arrange data better on an incorporated database where all data can be recover and overseen. Clients can view, include and alter information as they wish with no issue. Business and Technical Option This table beneath set out the Business and Technical alternatives that could be actualized to give advance usefulness to the framework, this choice will be evaluated against the utilitarian prerequisite detail that will be created. Business Option Specialized Option Client Survey Limited flight Different Booking Installment Option Ticket Collection Email Confirmation Inn bargains Live Web help work area Email Reminder Redesign Option RITM Biometric Scanner WAP Page Meeting Management Prophet/Mysql Java/C++ JDBC/Apache Tomcat Business Option Overview toward the finish of the client reservation to improve administration Limited Flight ticket at the last 3 hrs to fill the remainder of the space on the plane. Numerous Booking, for more than I goal on the double particularly while checking in. Alternative to pay by PayPal, all charge cards and check cards. Alternative to pick ticket at air terminal. Email affirmation additionally acknowledged at registration work area. Lodging arrangements ought to be offered when reserving flight spot. 24 hour helpline for booking inquiries and online assistance. Update messages with flight detail and check in . Alternative to overhaul seat and baggage. Specialized Option Remote IT Management, for framework redesigns and fixes any product issues Biometric scanner to filter visa for recognizable proof. WAP Page for clients who like to registration on their cell phone. We have utilized meeting the board to monitor client profile, and when a client signs in/logs out. Meeting Management Within a meeting, data is put away about client (assuming any) signed in. Outside Interface Requirements Equipment Interfaces No exceptional equipment is required for this item UIs: The essential UI will comprises of a progression of JSP pages connected by methods for hyperlinks. Programming Interfaces: Java servlets [2]All client collaboration will be by the methods for Java Servlets. These will be a little java applications running on the server side of a web application. Any pages created by servlets will look equivalent to customary HTML site pages, in light of the fact that servlets utilize a similar HTTP correspondences standard that normal static site pages use to speak with the customers internet browser. Servlets are accumulated to bytecode and can stacked powerfully. To execute a servlet, it requires a servlet motor running on the Web server through solicitations and reactions. A customer program gets to a Web server and makes a solicitation. This solicitation is prepared by the servlet motor running on the Web serve. A reaction is produced and the servlet sends a reaction in HTTP configuration to the customer. The fundamental focal points of servlets are that they are quicker than CGI contents in view of the diverse procedure model. Since servlets depend on Java, designers approach extraordinary API. Along these lines, it has all the upsides of Java including the simplicity of advancement and stage independene. Fourthly, servlets can get to any of the huge arrangement of APIs worked for Java, for example, database get to, email, catalog servers, CORBA and so forth. JSP [3] JSPs is an answer for issues that CGI programs and early Servlet applications had. Rendering the HTML by means of System.out.println() is excessively firm for a great deal of web applications, since changes to the HTML would require recompilation. JSPs tackle this issue by installing Java in HTML rather than HTML in Java. Subsequently any HTML changes would not require a recompilation of the HTML document. One of the issues with JSP is that the code can be hard to troubleshoot. Most Web servers inside proselyte JSPs into servlets a

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 154

Rundown - Essay Example as drove by various individuals from the family for instance Chaghri was permitted to govern the zone of Khurasan, while the general force was in the hands of Toghril. The part even spotlights on the period when the domain solidified and this period ranges from 1063 to 1092 (Holt 26). The union began with Alp Arslan assuming control over the standard after Toghril. Perhaps the best accomplishment added to Alp Arsalan’s repertoire was the destruction of the Byzantine Empire wherein Alp Arsalan’s domain increased controlled of zones that were very fundamental for the economy of the Byzantine Empire (Holt 28). The part finishes with the conversation of Saljuq triumph of the locale of Persia affected the area and its partners. One of the effects that are talked about was the expansion in the Turkish populace in Persia (Holt 33). Part number four spotlights on three subjects including the division of realm and who had the principle control and the foundation of

Valuation of Firms in Mergers and Acquisitions Case Study

Valuation of Firms in Mergers and Acquisitions - Case Study Example Triumph is of the sentiment that securing of Rustic, a rival in a similar industry however with a fundamentally extraordinary piece of the overall industry, would altogether support its market entrance, improve quality underway, and give it massive advantages as to economies of scale. As of present, Triumph has an overwhelmingly southern client base while Rustic has a mostly northern client base. The reason for this assumption is the view by Triumph’s CEO that Rustic is failing to meet expectations and its offers are underestimated. Expectations in regards to the merger and procurement take off high, with the desires that the arrangement will develop the joined business foundation by up to 10%. Be that as it may, the working costs will ascend by an expected 5% in the principal year. The financing alternative viable includes the issuance of long haul bonds to purchase out investors at Rustic. The securities will be given at the present acquiring pace of the two organizations. T his report investigations the merger and procurement case for Triumph and Rustic Plc. The initial two valuation cases are profoundly comparable, with the main distinction being that the principal technique expect a steady profit in ceaselessness while the other DVM choice accept a consistent profit development in unendingness. The slight contrast, be that as it may, has an impressive effect in the evaluated estimation of the resultant business, 41,000,000 and 90,420,000 separately. The utilization of DVM in valuation model is generally important in situations where the profit design for an organization is unsurprising and profoundly respectable (Bayrak, 2010). The administration at the two organizations can utilize the strategy since the two organizations are as of now delivering profits to their investors.

The Patriotic Spirit - Free Essay Example

Nationalism manifests mental attitudes, and individual behaviors or societies that refer to loyalty or devotion to the nation and state. The spirit of nationalism must be cultivated in all societies, especially the younger generation. This is because youth are the ones who support the nation, the direction of a nation. We as generations of postmodernism, have been blessed with a variety of pleasures and pleasures. We realize that all we enjoy today is the sacrifices and persecutions that the fighters and people have achieved independently in the past. The spirit of nationalism is increasingly less appreciative, especially the youth. Many of the factors that lead to the decline of the spirit and nationalism of the nation in this society. History of Malaysia proves that the struggle to liberate their homeland from occupation is due to the strong practice of patriotism in themselves the country has achieved its independence in the 20th century. Therefore, the spirit of patriotism must be adopted by all communities especially younger generation so that the country continues to advance in various aspects. As for this assignment, yes, I have tendency agreed with the lack of practice of Malaysian values and the spirit of being a good Malaysian especially amongst the younger generation. Patriotism is important to shaping society in Malaysia in terms of socials, economics, political and cultural environment especially in this era. There are many challenges in order to implement strong values of patriotism among youngster. As today, many young people are very individualistic and more preferred self interest more than national interest. Some of them may also do not know how precious they are of being a Malaysian. Hence, one of the suggestions and initiative step that can be taken is by adding programs that calls for the involvement of youth of all races. For example, Rakan Muda and Program Latihan Khidmat Negara (PLKN) that can emp owered and shaping youth. The second challenge, young people nowadays are more to ensure the people who are in the same race only can easily get what they want socially, economically and politically. Nowadays society is more concerned with their careers, busy with their daily dealings that cause them to ignore the other factors. For them the most important thing in life is to earn extra income and other things are less concerned, the spirit and nationalism of the nationalism are fading away in the society. Also, society is no longer concerned with the spirit of nationalism and campaign patriotism awareness and national celebration is no longer excited to be celebrating. In other words, some people are still hesitant to accept the concept of racial diversity. This kind of selfish attitude can lead to uneasy feelings among other races and it is very difficult to form a healthy society. Therefore, the Government needs to play an important role by be more strict and firms regards to punishment or compound especia lly to those who insults the country and nation itself as well as other offenses that may lead to actions or any threaten to the national security. The third challenge is some of the youngsters of all races were mostly born after Malaysia’s Independence is less emphatic about Malaysian History. Current problem is, the students nowadays are less interested in History subject. Therefore, I suggested Ministry of Education Malaysia need to play the main role by improving the Malaysia Education System especially in History subject. The education plays an important role in shaping the society in Malaysia so that younger generation has passion and love for the Country. My suggestion is parents and teachers also need to play their roles by show some good example of ethics and good cultures towards their children and younger generation to respect others culture, religion and creates value and spirit of being a good Malaysian. The era of globalization is now full of advanced technology and it is undeniable that internet is important and affected in social, educational and everyday life. It is undeniable that social media is a great and influential platform especially for teenagers who are following the current â€Å"trend†. If social media is not used properly it can contribute to negative symptoms. For example, the mass media is a major contributor to moral collapse among youths such as teenagers are easily get influenced by western culture or easily uploading status or sensitive issues in social media regardless of other communities. Therefore, parents should monitor the movement of children to block this immoral issue. Teenagers are also encouraged to make friends with various races and communities and teenagers are encouraged to do beneficial activities especially during their leisure time. This will increase spirits of friendship between all races regardless skin colors. In conclusion, the patriotic spirit is essential to giving citizen of love to this country and each of the younger generation surely become a useful individual to their own race, religion and country. Youth who have a high patriotic spirit will also always strive to advance themselves and their country to achieve progress and development quickly, compared to other developed countries. Hence, all parties must work together and play their respective roles in order to emphasize good ethics and good cultures towards the younger generation spirit of being a good Malaysian.

Definition and Examples of Gender (Sociolinguistics)

In sociolinguistics and other social sciences, gender refers to sexual identity in relation to culture and society. The ways in which words are used can both reflect and reinforce social attitudes toward gender. In the U.S., the interdisciplinary study of language and gender was initiated by linguistics professor  Robin Lakoff in her book  Language and Womans Place (1975). Etymology From Latin, race, kind Example and Observations It is quite clear that language use and the use of language are inseparable--that over generations and centuries, peoples constant talking deposits cultural beliefs and ideas in the medium of communication. At the same time, the weight of the linguistics system constrains the kinds of things we say and the ways we say them.   (Penelope Eckert and Sally McConnell-Ginet, Language and Gender, 2nd ed. Columbia University Press, 2013)  Ã‚   Language Use and Social Attitudes Toward Gender [T]here is now a greater awareness in some parts of the community that subtle, and sometimes not so subtle, distinctions are made in the vocabulary choice used to describe men and women. Consequently, we can understand why there is a frequent insistence that neutral words be used as much as possible, as in describing occupations e.g., chairperson, letter carrier, salesclerk, and actor (as in Shes an actor). If language tends to reflect social structure and social structure is changing, so that judgeships, surgical appointments, nursing positions, and primary school teaching assignments are just as likely to be held by women as men (or by men as women), such changes might be expected to follow inevitably. . . . However, there is still considerable doubt that changing waitress to either waiter or waitperson or describing Nicole Kidman as an actor rather than as an actress indicates a real shift in sexist attitudes. Reviewing the evidence, Romaine (1999, pp. 312-13) concludes that attit udes toward gender equality did not match language usage. Those who had adopted gender-inclusive language did not necessarily have a more liberal view of gender inequalities in language.   (Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 6th ed. Wiley, 2010) Doing Gender It is apparent that when friends talk to each other in single-sex groups, one of the things that is being done is gender. In other words, the fact that female speakers mirror each others contributions to talk, collaborate in the co-narration of stories and in general use language for mutual support needs to be considered in terms of the construction of femininity. For many men, by contrast, connection with others is accomplished in part through playful antagonisms, and this ties in with mens need to position themselves in relation to dominant models of masculinity.    (Jennifer Coates, Gender. The Routledge Companion to Sociolinguistics, ed. by Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany, and Peter Stockwell. Routledge, 2007) A Highly Fluid Social Category Like language, gender as a social category has come to be seen as highly fluid, or less well defined than it once appeared. In line with gender theory more generally, researchers interested in language and gender have focused increasingly on plurality and diversity amongst female and male language users, and on gender as performative--something that is done in context, rather than a fixed attribute. The whole notion of gender, and identity in general is challenged when this is seen, rather like language itself, as fluid, contingent and context-dependent. This is mainly an alternative theoretical conception of gender, though there are also suggestions that identities are loosening so that in many contexts people now have a wider range of identity options.   (Joan Swann, Yes, But Is it Gender? Gender Identity and Discourse Analysis, ed. by Lia Litosseliti and Jane Sunderland. John Benjamins, 2002)

Susan Munro, Service Customer Analysis - 1654 Words

note: this paper has already been submitted to the school mentioned, all contents of this paper reflects the views of the author. this paper is purely original, and not based from any other paper. the format was predetermined by the professor. Holy Angel University COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY Department of Business Management A.Y. 2010-2011 CASE ANALYSIS Susan Munroe, Service Customer Submitted to: Mrs. Cristina Naguit Submitted by: LEADER: Fernandez, Marvin T. MEMBERS: Lansangan, Chimova Parker, Harley Mae P. Quioc, Christian Paolo Santana, Karen F. June 29, 2010 Introduction The fast pace of advances in industrialized locations has increased the need for service, a process that creates benefits by†¦show more content†¦sandwiches, ethnic foods, salads and desserts were available. Munroe wanted a sandwich but line is long. Ended up buying hav-a-java and burger king. Place unusually crowded probably due to rain. Tables dirty due to previous users. *It was a good start for the school to improve the cafeteria. It was good that the customers were provided with more choices. However, cueing has been an issue they failed to address because of overlooked possibilities like the crowd due to the rain . The stall keepers must devise ways on how to make the service faster to cater to all of their prospects. Furthermore, the maintenance of cleanliness is yet another issue. This should be coordinated by the administration with the stall owners. * Withdrew from atm * Called hairdresser to set appointment in preparation for job interview. (appointment made because one customer cancelled her) * Visited language lab in preparation for business Spanish class. (videos of customers buying at diff types of stores. She recorded key phrases) * Visited hairdresser. (store was bright and trendy. Staff were well groomed and friendly. Cutter is running late, so she had to wait for 20 minutes. There were other customers waiting. Cutter suggested style, which she didn’t fully accept. She was pleased so she tipped) *Though the high quality of service has given the salon an edge over its competitors, time is crucial in providing service,Show MoreRelatedSusan Munro, Service Customer Analysis1646 Words   |  7 PagesDepartment of Business Management A.Y. 2010-2011 CASE ANALYSIS Susan Munroe, Service Customer Submitted to: Mrs. Cristina Naguit Submitted by: LEADER: Fernandez, Marvin T. MEMBERS: Lansangan, Chimova Parker, Harley Mae P. Quioc, Christian Paolo Santana, Karen F. June 29, 2010 Introduction The fast pace of advances in industrialized locations has increased the need for service, a process that creates benefits by facilitating either a change in customers, a change in their physical possessions, or a changeRead MoreCase, Munro2171 Words   |  9 PagesCASE I SUSAN MUNRO, SERVICE CONSUMER Ray – Ann Julian MW 1:00 – 2:30 Sir Daniel Hebron Services Marketing In the course of a single day, a busy young woman makes use of a wide array of service†¦ Susan Munro, a final-year business student, had worked late the night before on a big paper and overslept the following morning in the apartment she shared with three other students. Her roommates, who had early classes, had already left when she got up. After showering, she dressed hurriedlyRead MoreCase, Munro2184 Words   |  9 PagesCASE I SUSAN MUNRO, SERVICE CONSUMER Ray – Ann Julian MW 1:00 – 2:30 Sir Daniel Hebron Services Marketing In the course of a single day, a busy young woman makes use of a wide array of service†¦ Susan Munro, a final-year business student, had worked late the night before on a big paper and overslept the following morning in the apartment she shared with three other students. Her roommates, who had early classes, had already left when she got up. After showering, sheRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmain issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation withRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesorganisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and

Foundations of Accounting

Question: Discuss about theFoundations of Accounting. Answer: Introduction of AGL Energy Limited and Abilene Oil and Gas Limited AGL Energy Limited AGL Energy Limited is comes into oldest company of Australia. It has been established in 1837 (Energy in action). The company work for the community and environment and it believes in change. Recently in 2015, it established largest solar plant in Australia. AGL is handling the operation of producing electricity in Australia and it is the largest owner of the listed ASX. AGL is the leading company of Australia. The responsibility of declining greenhouse gas emission is taken by the company. Experience of 175 years has been acquired by the company. In the Eastern Australia, company provided the gas, electricity, solar PV and related products and services to the customers (AGL Annual Report, 2015). Abilene Oil and Gas Limited Abilene Oil and Gas Limited is an Australian company which was formerly known as World Oil Resources Limited. The company is engaged in resource investigation and investment in Australia and overseas. Oil and gas are the main focus for the company (Financial Times, 2016). The company assets are situated in Kansas. The strategy of company is focused on building up oil production assets, rising drilling spots and adding exploration estate in the region. The strategy of company is based on a mixture of targeting high return projects and inventive funding during the maintenance of low overhead and company costs (Abilene Oil and Gas Limited, 2015). Financial Statements Analysis AGL Energy Limited and Abilene Oil and Gas Limited Under financial statement analysis or financial analysis, analyze the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity (Ready Ratios, 2016). This analysis is used to take better economic decisions. It is a process of reviewing and analyzing the financial statements of a company. Financial Analysis of the Entities Profitability Profitability of an organization can be measured by profitability ratio. Managements performance can be measured by profitability ratio. Net profit ratio, return on assets and return on investments are calculated under profitability ratio. How well the business has done or in other words, performance of business can be measured by profitability ratio (Financial Analysis). The net profit ratio of AGL Ltd is 5.4572% in 2014 and 2.0416% in 2015 which is decreasing and showing that organizations performance is getting down in 2015. In case of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited, company is getting losses which are increases in 2015 with compare to 2014. Net loss ratio of Abilene is 599.4475% in 2014 and 1160.0645%. It shows that losses are increasing with high rate and companys performance is decreasing. Profits are decreasing of AGL Ltd in 2015 so return on assets ratio and return on investments/equity ratio is reducing in 2015. Same in case of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited, losses are increasing in 2015 so return on assets ratio and return on investments/equity ratio is negative and reducing in 2015. Financial Analysis of the Entities Liquidity Capacity of meeting financial obligations by using financial resources can be measured by liquidity analysis. Entities liquidity can be measured by current ratio, quick ratio or liquid ratio and absolute liquidity ratio (The Analysis of Entitys Liquidity). Current ratio can be identified by dividing current assets with current liabilities (Stickney, Weil, Schipper and Francis, 2009). The ideal current ratio is 2:1 which tells that current assets must be double of current liabilities. Current ratio of AGL Limited decreasing from 1.6328 to 1.4576 while increasing of Abilene limited from 0.4710 to 0.8609. Liquid ratio or quick ratio or acid test ratio is calculated by dividing liquid assets with current liabilities. Liquid assets exclude stock or inventory and prepaid expenses from current assets. The standard liquid ratio is 1:1 which tells that liquid assets must be equal to current liabilities. Liquid ratio of AGL Energy Limited decreasing from 1.5414 to 1.2908 while increasing of Abilene limited from 0.4572 to 0.7675. Absolute liquid ratio is identified by dividing absolute liquid assets with current liabilities. Absolute liquid assets refer to the combination of cash in hand, cash at bank and marketable securities. It is decreasing in case of AGL Energy Limited from 0.2183 to 0.1091 while increasing in case of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited from 0.4484 to 0.5594. Financial Analysis of the Entities Efficiency Efficiency can be termed as turnover ratio. Relation between net sales or revenue and other items (like inventory, average receivables, working capital, fixed assets and capital employed) is known as turnover / efficiency / performance / activity ratio. These ratios can help in improving efficiency or performance of business. Stock turnover ratio tells whether investment in stock is efficiently utilized or not (Ojugo, 2009). It also indicates, how many times the inventory turnover in business during a financial year. In 2014, it is 54.6859 times which decreases in 2015 to 26.9646 times of AGL Energy Limited. It reflects that investment in stock is not utilized effectively. No information found related to stock/inventory in annual report of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited so stock turnover ratio cannot be determined. Receivable turnover ratio tells that in a financial year, how many times a business can collect its average account receivables. In case of AGL Energy Limited, it is increasing from 5.4916 to 5.6378 times and in case of Abilene Limited, it is decreasing from 53.0003 to 18.8193 times. Working capital turnover ratio tells about the effective utilization of working capital. If working capital ratio is higher, it is good and shows proper utility of working capital. In 2014, it is 7.9009 times which increasing in 2015 to 9.8324 times, it is good. In case of Abilene Limited it is negative due to negative working capital. Financial Analysis of the Entities Capital Structure and Market Performance Capital Structure Ratio: Capital structure ratios can be calculated on the basis of capital structure of the company (Xplaind, 2015). Debt to equity ratio is used to identify that company has how much debt with compare to equity available. It reflects relation between total debts and equity of an organization. In case of AGL Energy Limited debt to equity ratio decreasing from 86.2678% to 79.6143% and reducing from 16.7849% to 6.3866% of Abilene limited. Equity ratio is used to identify relation between total equity and total assets of company. In case of AGL Energy Limited equity ratio is increasing from 53.6861% to 55.6749% and also increasing from 85.6275% to 93.9968% of Abilene limited. Market Performance: Market performance of any organization can be evaluated easily by calculating earnings per share and dividend per share. When net earnings for equity shareholders are divided by number of equity shares, earnings per share can be achieved. In case of AGL Energy Limited earning per share decreases from 98.2291 to 33.3473 while increases of Abilene limited. In case of Abilene limited earning per share is negative and changes from -5.7059 to -4.8856. Dividend per share can be calculated by dividing dividend declared by company with number of equity shares. In case of AGL Energy Limited, dividend per share increases from 63 to 64 and no information found in case of Abilene limited for dividend per share in the annual report of company. Note: All the information related to financial statements of both the companies is taken from annual report. Amount of AGL Energy Limited reflected in $m and of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited reflected in $. Conclusion The profitability ratio shows that performance of both the companies is not good. But it can be said that AGL Energy Limited performing better than Abilene Oil and Gas Limited. Liquidity analysis shows that capacity of meeting obligations of Abilene Oil and Gas Limited is better than AGL Energy Limited because in 2015 all liquidity ratios are increasing of Abilene Limited while decreasing of AGL Energy Limited. Although both companies are not meeting standard of current ratio and Abilene ratios are lower than AGL ratios. But ratios of AGL Energy Limited are decreasing and increasing of Abilene Limited which shows that Abilene Limited is enhancing its capacity of meeting obligations. In case of AGL Energy Limited, decreasing ratios shows that capacity of meeting obligations is decreasing. The ideal current ratio must be 2:1. Both the companies are not meeting standard current ratio. In case of AGL Energy limited current ratio is decreasing and it is nearly to the ideal current ratio. But in case of Abilene limited current ratio is least which shows that company has fewer current assets while its current ratio is increasing with compare to previous year. The standard liquid ratio must be 1:1. AGL limited meets the aspect of standard liquid ratio but Abilene limited is unable to meet the ideal ratio. In case of AGL limited, it is decreasing but in case of Abilene limited it is increasing. Absolute liquidity ratio is also same as it increasing in case of Abilene limited but decreasing in AGL limited. All the three liquidity ratios shows that Abilene limited has better capacity with compare to AGL Energy limited. Stock turnover ratio of AGL Energy limited is decreasing which tells that investment in stock is not utilizing properly. Receivable turnover ratio is increasing minor in case of AGL limited while decreasing high in case of Abilene limited. It shows that AGL is able to pay more time to its trade receivables while Abilene is not. Working capital turnover ratio of AGL limited is increasing and it is negative of Abilene limited. Debt to equity ratio of AGL limited and Abilene limited is decreasing and equity ratio of both the companies is increasing. It shows that both companies has almost same trend of capital structure. Earnings per share of AGL limited is decreasing and negative of Abilene limited. And dividend per share is increasing of AGL limited. On the basis of earnings per share, it can be said that AGL is not performing well and Abilene has poor financial condition. Recommendation AGL Energy Limited has to focus on increasing its profits by reducing its cost and expenses. Because reduced profits shows that companys financial position is not sound. Current liabilities of company are increasing which is not good. It impacts on liquidity ratio so company should reduce its current liabilities. As well as company should focus on its total liabilities to enhance companys financial performance. Abilene Oil and Gas limited has to improve its performance by reducing its expenses and also has to focus on reducing its losses. Total assets and owners equity are decreasing so company should have to focus on them. Both current assets and current liabilities are decreasing. It is better to decrease current liabilities but current assets must not be reduced. Current liabilities of company are more than its current assets which is not good to meet out obligations. So it should be decreasing its current liabilities or increasing current assets. References Financial Times, (2016). Abilene Oil and Gas Ltd: About the company. Retrieved on 13 September 2016 from: https://markets.ft.com/data/equities/tearsheet/profile?s=WOIIF:PNK Ready Ratios, (2016). Financial Statement Analysis. Retrieved on 14 September 2016 from: https://www.readyratios.com/reference/analysis/financial_statement_analysis.html Annual Report, (2015). Abilene Oil and Gas Limited. Retrieved on 13 September 2016 from: file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/735929_ABL.pdf Stickney, C. P., Weil, R. L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., (2009). Financial Accounting: An Introduction to Concepts, Methods and Uses. (Edition 13): Cengage Learning Ojugo, C., (2009). Practical Food and Beverage Cost Control. (Edition 2): Cengage Learning The Analysis of Entitys Liquidity. Retrieved on 14 September 2016 from: https://steconomiceuoradea.ro/anale/volume/2007/v2-finances-accounting-and-banks/13.pdf Xplaind, (2015). Capital Structure. Retrieved on 14 September 2016 from: https://xplaind.com/160137/capital-structure ASX Release, (2015). AGL Annual Report 2015. Retrieved on 13 September 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/asxpdf/20150826/pdf/430t27pwhhbmr3.pdf AGL energy in action. our company. Retrieved on 13 September 2016 from: https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/who-we-are/our-company Chapter 18. Financial Analysis. Retrieved on 14 September 2016 from: file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/Financial%20Interpretations%20with%20Models%20%20Formats%20(unit%202).pdf Abilene Oil and Gas Limited, (2015). Retrieved on 13 September 2016 from: https://www.abilene.com.au/

Summary of Continuous and Stage CMMI

The history of CMMI is based on CMM that originated from a study by the Air Force, which was meant for software subcontractors (Kasse 12). The primary intention was to measure the development of software applied in the maturity of the process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Continuous and Stage CMMI specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CMMI model identifies the levels of the process maturity of the organization (Land and Walz 12). These levels include the initial level which entails the starting use of the process, repeatable where the process is repeated, defined and involve the definition of the process and the confirmation of the standard business process, managed which entails the management and the measurement and optimizing level which includes the deliberate process improvement. CMMI as process-improvement model is meant to provide the best practices that address the issue of productivity, perf ormance, and cost besides ensuring that stakeholders are satisfied. What is CMMI CMMI is an acronym for Capability Maturity Model, which is a process development approach whose aim is to assist organizations advance their performance. As a process, it provides organizations with basic elements of efficient processes that are aimed at improving their performance. CMMI helps incorporate traditionally detached organizational roles as it helps improve the targets besides providing direction in quality processes (Kasse 47). The CMMI project was developed with an aim of improving the use of maturity models by way of integrating diverse model framework (diagram 9). Currently, there are two representations; that is, the continuous and the stage, and the deference.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Between the two representations, the continuous representation allows users to focus the specific course, which is considered critical for the organizations immediate objectives as well as those objectives that the organization considers being at a higher risk (Land and Walz 32). On the other hand, the staged representation allows straightforward movement from the SW-SMM to CMMI. Therefore, CMMI model varies depending on the area of interest. Usually, there are three major areas of interest, including Acquisition, Services and Development. A Brief Critical Summary of the Continuous and Staged CMMI The critical summary of staged and Continuous Representation requires a proper understanding of each of these representations and being in a position to clearly point out the advantages and the disadvantage of each representation. The stage and the continuous representation are the same in terms of the content. However, they are organized differently (Chrissis and Shrum13). The representation permits the individual organization to practice different development objectives, th erefore, presenting model components differently (Dogru and Bicar 39). The capability levels apply to an organization’s process improvement achievement in every Process Area (P.A). The improvement areas are characterized relative to the Process Area Individual (Kasse 67). It is worth noting that in both representations, the substance is nearly identical. This raises the question of why there are two different representations yet the representation of each model was different. The CMM software is staged while the SE-CMM, SECM is continuous (Land and Walz 78). The continuous representation has a maximum flexibility for prioritizing process improvements and aligning them with the business objectives (Siviy and Stoddard 47). The Staged representation on the other hand proves the path and uses the case study and ROI Data, thus, it reduces the guesswork (Dogru and Bicar 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Continuous and Stage CMMI specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is explained by the mechanism of having the Quick Wins being easily defined to increase Buy-In. It also increases the focus on risks specific for each process area. The Staged representation on its part focuses on the organizational improvement (Ahern and Turner 14). The Continuous representation is also known for improving the process area at different rates, which in circumstances may require less upfront investment (Dogru and Bicar 12). The staged representation on its part summarizes the overall results in a maturity level and also provides the familiar benchmarking capability where it uses qualified bidders. The continuous representation on its part upgrades from SE-CMM and SECM, while the staged representation upgrades from SW-CMM. In both cases, the upgrading process is usually easier (Catlin and Jana 20). A Discussion of Criteria of Choice There are values that one should consider while adopting either a continuous or staged system. The formal appraisal should give an organization an idea of the maturity of the processes and help to create a roadmap for improvement. The organization should, therefore, adapt a model that suits their needs and the objectives of the organization. A good model should, therefore, help improve the efforts of the organization and should also creation and achievement of development objectives (Ahern and Turner 45). In addition, it helps the company create a common idiom that facilitates cross-organization operation and communication. Thus, one should consider a model that best integrates the framework of the organization (Land and Walz 89). The model can also help the organization understand the specific performance practices and, therefore, improve its capability and the future practices. How an Organization Might Best Select an Appropriate Model for its Use Both the staged and continuous representations provide the same content. However, each is shown in its unique way. For this reason, an organization should choose a representation is best fit for its business objectives, cultural practices and heritage (Catlin and Jana 35).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In certain cases, it may be necessary for a company to adopt a mix and match. Usually it comes with a continuous implementation of the staged process, staged implementation and continuous appraisal. The staged representation represents an excellent path for companies that are transitioning from SW-CMM to CMMI, also an organization that is doing business with government organizations that require maturity level for procurements (Ahern and Turner 72). An organization is not familiar with the dependencies among process areas, which means that the guess-work in the process improvement is reduced by the predefined set of the process area at every maturity level (Catlin and Jana 41). The equivalence staging is meant to allow comparison of the results from both representations. Small companies should also embrace the CMMI and focus on improving their areas of known business analysis. Implementation of the specific process area without overriding aim level makes the use of the model more me aningful for the small business. Therefore, CMMI can be used in areas of an organization that adds much value to the organization and its products by improving activity of services where they are needed most (Land and Walz 21). The Role of System Integration in the CMMI System integration of the CMMI is useful to the organization as it helps the company understands how the CMMI address the Business Objectives. The integration also helps the organization to identify the specific areas of the company that needs improvement. The CMMI integration also helps a company that may have limited budget as it does not require much for the improvement of the CMMI process. The CMMI is also critical as it helps the organization to appreciate the process area relationships. The organization also stands to benefit from quick wins as the procurement process favors an organization with CMMI (Catlin and Jana 52). How Integration Issues are Dealt With at The Selection Level, Product Level, Process Level , and at The System Management Level Affecting Organizations and Humans. At the product level, product integration assembles the product mechanism and ensures that the same performs and delivers the product (Mutafelija and Strongberg 15). The process management takes place at level 3. It has organized training that develops the skills and knowledge of the human beings so that they can perform their individual roles effectively (Chrissis and Shrum71). The project control gives a clear understanding of the progress. This informs the appropriation of the right actions that should be affected should the performance of the project deviate from the path. Process management areas quantitatively manage the project and ensure that it performs its objectives as specified. The project management requires the product and product components to be aligned with the requirements of the project plan (Catlin and Jana 67). Speculation on what a Lead Systems Integrator that CMMI Might look like The que stion of what a lead system integrator on how CMMI might look like is a difficult one as the issue of determining how deeply the CMMI adoption within an organization is still not clear. However, with the increasing usage, the degree of visibility within the social subsystem increases. With time, the members of the organization should engage in the activities of CMMI. Works Cited Ahern, Dennis and Richards Turne. CMMI Distilled: A Practical Introduction to Integrated Process Improvement. New York: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2008. Print. Catlin, Katherine and Mathews Jana. Leading at the Speed of Growth: Journey from Entrepreneur to CEO. New York: Wiley Publishers, 2001. Print. Chrissis, Mary and Sanday Shrum. CMMI: Guidelines for process integration and product improvement. California: Addison-Wesley Professional, 2003. Print Dogru, Ali and Veli Bicar. Modern Software Engineering Concepts and Practices: Advance Approaches. Washington, GI Global, 2001. Print. Kasse, Tim. Practical I nsight into CMMI. New York: Artech House, 2008. Print. Land, Susan and John Walz. Practical Support for CMMI-SW Software Project Documentation uses IEEE Software Engineering. New York: Wily-IEEE Publishers, 2005. Print. Mutafelija, Boris and Harvey Strongberg. Systematic Process Improvement Using ISO 9001:2000 and CMMI. New York: Artech House, 2003. Print. Siviy, Joe and Robert Stoddard. CMMI and Six Sigma: Partners in Process Improvement. New York: Addison-Wesley, 2008. Print. This essay on Summary of Continuous and Stage CMMI was written and submitted by user Kinsey Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Multidisciplinary Responsibilities

Multidisciplinary Responsibilities Introduction In the early days of hospitals and nursing the care team consisted of a physician and the nurse at the bedside. The nurse was responsible for all facets of patient care. If the patient needed to get up and re-learn to ambulate it was the nurses responsibility to make sure that this was done. All phases of the patients rehabilitation was the responsibility of the nurse. In today’s world many facets of rehabilitation have been specialized. The nurse has the assistance of specialist in many areas of rehabilitation. There is physical therapy, occupational therapy, respiratory therapy, nutritional assistance and the pharmacist. In this paper I will try to describe the legal responsibilities as well as the scope of practice of these ancillary personnel at the disposal of today’s nurse. Physical Therapist Physical therapy is a professional who is responsible for the management of the patient’s physical mobility (Tabers, 2001) or the art and science of physical or corrective rehabilitation (Ca. Business and professions code section 2620-2622). The physical therapist can treat physical disability through the use of physical, chemical, light, water, and exercise (active and passive). They must also submit an evaluation, and a treatment plan. They are also part of the multidisciplinary care team meeting to evaluate patient progress and implement any changes to the plan of care. Physical therapist may apply certain topical medications as part of their practice but are not allowed to prescribe medications or diagnose disease (Ca. Business and professions code 2620-2622). Physical therapist are not authorized to practice medicine, surgery or any other form of healing except as authorized by the Ca. business and professional code. Occupational Therapist Occupational therapists help people improve their ability to perform tasks in their daily living. They help people r... Free Essays on Multidisciplinary Responsibilities Free Essays on Multidisciplinary Responsibilities Multidisciplinary Responsibilities Introduction In the early days of hospitals and nursing the care team consisted of a physician and the nurse at the bedside. The nurse was responsible for all facets of patient care. If the patient needed to get up and re-learn to ambulate it was the nurses responsibility to make sure that this was done. All phases of the patients rehabilitation was the responsibility of the nurse. In today’s world many facets of rehabilitation have been specialized. The nurse has the assistance of specialist in many areas of rehabilitation. There is physical therapy, occupational therapy, respiratory therapy, nutritional assistance and the pharmacist. In this paper I will try to describe the legal responsibilities as well as the scope of practice of these ancillary personnel at the disposal of today’s nurse. Physical Therapist Physical therapy is a professional who is responsible for the management of the patient’s physical mobility (Tabers, 2001) or the art and science of physical or corrective rehabilitation (Ca. Business and professions code section 2620-2622). The physical therapist can treat physical disability through the use of physical, chemical, light, water, and exercise (active and passive). They must also submit an evaluation, and a treatment plan. They are also part of the multidisciplinary care team meeting to evaluate patient progress and implement any changes to the plan of care. Physical therapist may apply certain topical medications as part of their practice but are not allowed to prescribe medications or diagnose disease (Ca. Business and professions code 2620-2622). Physical therapist are not authorized to practice medicine, surgery or any other form of healing except as authorized by the Ca. business and professional code. Occupational Therapist Occupational therapists help people improve their ability to perform tasks in their daily living. They help people r...

“authority”, “responsibility” and Essay

â€Å"authority†, â€Å"responsibility† and â€Å"accountability† - Essay Example One of the candidates who were contesting for captainship of school head girl, due to her wealth and power was stating that the other girl was wasting her time campaigning, for she was sure to win the elections. The second contestant was conducting a fair campaign. When asked as to why was the powerful girl not elected, the teacher replied that she had the authority to choose what was best for the future of the school, not forgetting the welfare of the students as portrayed by the second contestant over power thus enhancing the word, ‘authority’. Responsibility is another part of the process of delegation. Allen states that â€Å"responsibility is the work assigned to a position. Responsibility refers to the mental and physical activities which must be performed to carry out a task or duty†. (Arora, 1985) Responsibility may be continuing or it may terminate with the accomplishment of a single action. The essence of responsibility is obligation. Responsibility, being an obligation to perform, is owed to one’s superior and no subordinate can reduce his responsibility by delegating to another the authority to perform the duty. As she stood in front of her 5th grade class on the very first day of school, she told the children an untruth.   Like most teachers, she looked at her students and said that she loved them all the same.   However, that was impossible, because there in the front row, slumped in his seat, was a little boy named Teddy Stoddard. Mrs. Thompson had watched Teddy the year before and noticed that he did not play well with the other children, that his clothes were messy. It got to the point where Mrs. Thompson would actually take delight in marking his papers with a broad red pen, making bold Xs and then putting a big F at the top of his papers. His third grade teacher wrote, His mothers death has been hard on him.   He tries to do his best, but his father doesnt show much interest, and his home life will soon affect him if some steps arent

Flag-Draped Coffins from Iraq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Flag-Draped Coffins from Iraq - Essay Example Whatever the costs of this war, however gruesome its details; the American people should know the real cost of this war. The Bush administration claims that its decision to forbid news organization from publishing pictures of war dead at military bases is not new. It argues that this has been the policy of administrations since the first Gulf War in 1991. The purpose of this decision it claims is to protect the feelings of the families of the victims. Scott McClellan the White House press secretary had stated that those who had made the greatest sacrifice in the service of the country should be honored and shown the greatest respect. And this she said is the president's primary concern. The administration Kathy Moakler, deputy director of government relations at the National Military Family Association, emphasized that the only purpose in banning publication of pictures of military dead being brought back to the country was to protect the privacy of the families who had lost a loved one. "At the devastating time [of loss], being sensitive to the families is what needs to be done," she said. (Madore) Another reason the administration cited for its objection to the publication of pictures of war-dead, was that this would be depressing to the families involved and attenuate the sacrifice our troops are making in the service of the country. The administration also stated that its objection to the publication by news agencies of photographs of flag-draped coffins was in keeping with the sentiments of the mourning families. It claimed that such publication invariably led to the invasion of the privacy of these families. The News Media Has its Own Conviction The news media has its own conviction. It is of the view that the American public has the prerogative to also know the cost of this war in terms of American lives. Besides the Freedom of Information Act of 1966, gives the American public the right to information relating to the operations of federal agencies. 3 It reasons that reporters in the actual field of battle are given unbridled access to the war. This being the case, it claims that the administration's ban on the publication of photographs of war-dead is its attempt to censor crucial war images. The news media claims that the policy of administrations on such matters has not been consistent. And in support of this it cites the instance of President H. W. Bush allowing media coverage of war-dead being brought back home from Panama and other wars in which the US was involved, but banned it during the first Gulf war. It also states that in 2000 the Clinton administration allowed publication of photographs of the victims of the terrorist attack on the warship USS Cole. It contends that the ban of 1991 was the consequence of some TV networks simultaneously airing split screen images of the then-president laughing in one portion, and coffin ceremonies of Gulf war I, in another. This time around the imposition of the ban on photograph publication was the Government's desire for secrecy. The news media contends that pictures of dead servicemen were being published as "a

Joint Venture Essay Example for Free

Joint Venture Essay Joint Venture is a basically a mutual agreement between two companies or more to work together towards achieving a common aim, which is usually economic progress. To attain this goal, the members of the joint venture invest expertise, capital, time and equity to form a separate entity. The terms and conditions of the joint venture are bound by an agreement. One of the reasons behind joint ventures is to spread and share risks as well as expenses. For example, when an organization in one country wants to expand its business in another country, it signs up a joint venture with a local company in that country to gain regional expertise and marketing trends. This would give a company a competitive edge in reaching the market quicker than its competitors. It would also lend strategic advantages like diversification of knowledge, manpower and technologies. For instance, companies in the oil and gas industry sector usually enter into such agreements in foreign countries to market, distribute and sell their product. A joint venture can be an ideal solution in cases when two companies need each other’s expertise. In some cases, a joint venture can help bring companies dealing with products and services that compliment each other. For, instance Hardware company and Software company can enter into a joint venture to innovate a new product. Sony Ericsson is a good example of this kind of a joint venture (â€Å"Joint Venture†, 2006). But, in recent times, limited liability company (LLC) is being preferred over joint venture as a business ownership model in America, mainly due to the lower tax deduction. Moreover, LLC s almost offer all the features offered by a Joint venture. Reference: Wikipedia. (2006, July). Joint Venture. Retrieved 2006, July 30, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Joint_Venture.

Essays --

Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman shows us how one man's blind faith in a misconception of the American Dream becomes an obsession of accomplishment that destroys his life and nearly that of his family. Miller's main character Willy Loman somehow comes to believe that success always comes to those who are well liked and good looking. His downfall is that he does not equate success with hard work and perseverance. This faulty thinking keeps him from achieving his goals of wealth and status. His boys Biff and Happy are taught the same faulty values and are destined to fail as well. The devastating effects of Willy's obsession are seen throughout the family starting with Willy who begins to lose his mind and his confidence that he will someday prevail. He is torn between denial that he is ultimately a failure and desperation to succeed at any cost. In Willy's opinion a man without success is nothing. Linda, Willy's adoring wife weather's Willy's ups and downs with patience and hope that someday he will realize that he is successful. She believes that a home, a loving family, and food on the table are all anyone needs. Linda says to him "why must everybody conquer the world? You're well like and everyone loves you" (p292). She is often trying to point out his accomplishments, but, he turns a blind eye. Happy, Willy's youngest son is truly a mess. He follows in his father's footsteps into the business world, where he is admittedly unhappy, yet continues because it is what is expected of him. He, like Willy believes that success is the measure of a man. He says "I gotta show some of those pompous, self important executives over there that Hap Loman can make the grade" (p 250). We see his blind desire to succeed and know he's headin... ...g Charley, there's more of him in that front stoop than in all the sales he ever made" (p328). The final requiem of this play includes some brilliant lines. Most importantly, Linda's final words at her husband's grave; "Willy, dear I can't cry, why did you do it, I search and search and I search, and I can't understand it, Willy. I made the last payment on the house today. Today, dear, and there'll be nobody home. We're free and clear. We're free...We're free..." (p329). Linda knew all along what was important, and now Willy has died before ever realizing how much success he really had; a true friend in Charley, and the love of his wife and sons. His home, paid for and fixed up with his own two hands. If anything can be learned from the life of Willy Loman, it is that sometimes what we wish for is not what we need, and by striving blindly we might miss what we have.

British Air Essay

Strategy: In this context, strategy is to be taken as the nature and also the direction a company can take in light of the choices which are at its dispose. Therefore, from this definition of strategy, strategic responses can be inferred to mean the responses that an organization takes in achieving its strategies and hence strategic responses. Nature: refers to the very essence of the company, for instance BA is an airline and hence in the airline industry. Direction: refers to where the organization in question (BA) is headed and hence strategic responses. Pestle Analysis: It refers to a methodology whereby the macro environment is analysed. It will be used to analyze the political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental forces affecting the airline industry under which BA operates and to which this forces impacts on the strategic making of BA. Abstract The airline industry is in the service industry which experiences very volatile changes all over the world and hence companies have to keep up with the changes as well as plan for future changes and challenges in the service industry of airlines through strategic making. Strategy making is an important aspect in the organization in light of the organization succeeding in the environment it is operating in. Though the airline industry is changing like any other typical service industry, it does not mean that the airline industry can afford to lag behind or sleep in terms of making strategies suitable for the now markets tastes and the then (future) markets tastes. Therefore the paper critically reviews the corporate strategy of British Airways (BA), the company’s competitive strategies through critical appraisal of the company’s strategy, industry and company analysis. However, an overall industry analysis is undertaken before any analysis of the company’s strategy through analysis of a three dichotomies impact in the company and in the context of three paradoxes in the company and the perspectives which are applicable to the paradoxes. Industry Analysis Overview BA is a renowned airline in the UK and among the largest airlines in the world, facts which are derived from fleet size of the airline, the number of passengers carried and the number of international flights made by the airline. It was established in 1971 with the motives of gaining control of BOAC and BEA which was the then nationalized airlines alongside other two airlines, which were Cambrian Airways and the Northeast Airlines. The merger of the four companies that formed the presently BA airline was effected in 1974 and become a state owned company. However, the company was later privatized in 1987 and its expansion was gained through acquiring the British Caledonian together with Dan Air in 1992. BA is currently trading in the UK Market share as the largest airline in terms of the fleet size and boasts of being in 2nd position in terms of its market share (IATA 2012), trading under the name of International Airlines Group following a merger in 2011 with Iberia. In the global arena, the presence of BA is felt through the company being 5th largest airline in terms of the passengers who are flown using the BA airline (See; Figure 1, position of BA in the global arena). Current and Future Key Issues Affecting the Airline Industry In researching on the current and future key issues affecting the airline industry together with researching the trends and the competitive forces that are affecting the airline industry in the modern times, in light of BA strategy making and the influences that are to effect on BA, a pestle analysis, SWOT analysis and the Porter’s Five Force Analysis are the tools that are going to be utilised. However, for greater specificity, the focus of the pestle analysis is the European Airline Industry. Pestle Analysis Political Issues Having state owned airline, which are owned by governments and therefore enjoys government protection resulting to regulated competition. This classic example of government regulation of international air was seen in BA in the merger of British Caledonian together with Dan Air in 1992, to combat competition on long haul routes. Development of aviation policies which are politically generated, for instance, the Aviation policy in UK of increasing the capacity at Heathrow, which according to Civil Aviation Authority are only short term measures that would do Europe no good in terms of competing with other global competitors for instance USA, China and India. The idea is to have more capacity through building other airports (Reals n.d.). In UK, airlines’ belonging to another country are not allowed to operate within the route of another country (cabotage) and hence eliminates competition in the airline industry in the UK for there is no competition from the non – European countries. Increase in APD (Air Passenger Duty) by 8% for which all airlines have to comply and which can translate to less travels to the UK for ADP ultimately increases the cost of travels (BBC News 2012, 1st April). Airlines constrains in terms of adhering to government policies for instance the pledge by the UK government to reduce carbon emissions by 60% reflected in the UK Climate Change Bill. Economic Factors Severe crisis in world economics where financial systems have been destabilized and paralyzed and therefore needs to be restored to stability, otherwise translates to less travels by air. Stiff competition in the airline industry in the UK due to presence of competitors who even offer low fares flights. Competition was brought about by the deregulation of the Airline Industry in UK Socio – Cultural Factors UK’s ageing population which is approximated to rise over the years. Projections in UK’s populations estimates that there would be more elderly people than there are presently (see; Figure 2 and Figure 3 for the projections) Accessibility of airline travels by the lower social groups in the UK Technological Factors Development of cleaner engines in the aviation industry which means that airlines like BA have to adopt the new technologies and also in light of the pledges in support of government’s policies to reduce carbon emissions. New operating procedures which can be as a result of sudden changes in weather patterns The use of Bio – fuel by the airline industry is the various developments in the world of technology that the airline industry has to deal with. Environmental Factors Development of environmental policies for instance the UK Climate Change Bill Health scares which mostly are as a result of the changes in climate and weather patterns for instance earth quakes and bird flues. Emissions policy in the UK, for instance the move to have airlines charged for their share of green house gas contribution on flights that are to and fro Europe. Legal Factors Open sky agreement ending the protection of national carriers and introducing completion in the airline industry. EU regulatory changes; for instance the increased call for better care of the customer US regulatory changes; for instance the ban on liquids and gels past the screening checkpoints affects the customers of air transport mode who may be in possession of such goods (liquids and gels). BA’s SWOT Analysis Strengths A Strong Brand Global appeal Established Fleet Operations Latest fleets that provide the calm to its customers Innovativeness in the development of products and services by the company Strong analytical and marketing skilfulness Weaknesses The organization’s culture (the â€Å"us† culture) Decline in operations efficiency Unhealthy financial performance Lack of provision of competitive customer packages Poor marketing strategies that are to reinforce competitiveness of the company to the standard of its competitors Opportunities Global tourism, which continues to increase due to globalization Technological advancements in the airline industry UK’s ageing population Corporation tax reductions Threats Competition from low fares airlines (e.g. British Airways Low Cost Airline {BALOW}) Increase in ADP by 8% Oil price volatility Increase in regulatory conditions and laws which are varying Substitute means of transport like electric trains and buses The ever changing customer behaviour which is hard to predict Porter’s Five Force Analysis Porter’s Five Forces study is important in order to check whether BA’s proposed strategies are to become profitable to the organization (Porter 2008). Diagram illustrating a simplified 5 Forces Model By Micheal Porter; adopted from http://www.brs-inc.com/porter.asp, Analysis distinct to BA as provided below: Degree of Rivarly BA operates both the small and the long flights BA is different in policies and terms with their competitors in the airline industry Other companies like Virgin Atlantic criticisms of some of BA’s strategies for instance the merger of BA with AA and thus disregarding the company’s strategies to its customers. Threat of Entry Competitors are discouraged from entering the market by; Existing firms in the airline industry having a competitive advantage Changing new technlogy Transformed government policies Threats of Substitutes Internal substitutes include;busses, cars, electric trains External substitutes include; international airlines like EasyJet and Virgin Atlantic Buyer Power Availmability of the internet to consumers increases the consumer’s conciousness and exposes the consumers to BA competitors. Supplier Power Supplier’s makes use of trade unions to have a high bargaining power Market characterised by suppliers having a high power BA has only two supply manufacturers of its aircrafts and a sole fuel supplier The Paradox of Markets versus Resources The airline industry being a very volatile industry has to survive through tough financial times, for instance economic recessions. In light of all the changes that occur in the airline industry, an organization has to continuously adapt to the environment in which it is operating in. In light of BA’s environment, i.e. the service industry, it is paramount that the organization’s strategic thinkers acknowledge that imitation of what other companies are doing in the market may not always produce the same results and hence BA needs to constantly study the market to identify the asymmetries that keeps emerging in the service industry and hence develop the asymmetries to capabilities for the organization. This therefore proposes that the organization has to keep in touch with the market for instance through continuous research and development of the organization’s products and services and in light of the company’s strategy of becoming an airline of choice to customers of long and short haul premium. BA differentiation from its competitors is seen through continuous research and development of the industry which can be inferred through the analysis of the SWOT, PESTLE and the Porters Five Forces tool, continuous improvements of the company’s products and services to its customers for instance through maintaining the organization’s networks in the long, short and cargo segments. In addition, BA as a front-line in the airline industry has an advantage over its competitors due to its long presence in the industry which dates to the years where it was a state owned airline. This clearly shows that in adopting some strategies for instance the acquisition of Iberia, BA tries to make its presence felt in the global arena. In addition, the organization resources allows the organization to apply the inside out logic as compared to its competitors who may not have a good command of resources at their dispose and therefore making BA have a competitive advantage. The inside out logic follows that for a firm to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors, it must have the capability of converting the processes of production in a quick and cheap way and which BA has exhibited and continues to exhibit through its various acquisitions of other airlines and through mergers formed with other airlines. BA’s strategy that is consistent with achieving its strategy of being an airline of choice to customers of long and short haul premium is through acquisition of other airlines so that all customers are within in its reach enabled through the mergers and the acquisitions. While the theories of completive advantage suggest that for an organization to gain competitive advantage, the organization must establish a cost effective way of attaining its strategies. This means that the company’s operational costs are lowered and this leads to the company having a competitive advantage over its competitors. Therefore, BA’s strategy of mergers and acquisitions is geared or leans towards the company having a global presence in the world and hence appealing to its customers and reduction of operational costs. The reality of the environment that the organization operates in is realised through the SWOT, PESTLE and analysis of Porters five force (Fine 2009). In as much as an organization has to adapt to the environment for instance through continuous development of services and products to meet the ever changing needs of the consumer, the resources that are at the dispose of an organization in light to adapting to the current trends, tastes and preferences of the consumers in the industry can indicate otherwise. A company’s resources refers to the tangible and the intangible resources for instance land, money and materials which are tangible while the intangible resources include the rational resources for instance the relationships and reputation and the competencies which include the knowledge and capabilities. One of BA’s strategies is becoming an airline of choice to customers of long haul premium and which is counter acted by strategies for instance through continuous research and development in order to identify the tastes and the preferences of the customers, continuous improvements in products, services and networks and through maintaining its presence in the long, short and cargo segments. However, these strategic responses are evaluated against a background of whether the market needs of the consumers are the once to guide the strategy making process of the firm or the firm is the one to leverage the strategies that BA is to take owing to the fact that whether there are adequate resources to respond to the needs of the markets so identified through the research and development process in order for BA to attain its strategy of becoming the airline of choice to customers of the premium long haul (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2008). BA’s markets versus Resources The strategic responses put forth by BA illustrates its commitment towards attaining it strategy of becoming an airline of choice to customers of premium long haul which is achieved through BA building a terminal which increased the operations of the airline. In addition, BA also appeals to customers through transforming the customer’s service in that the customer service exceeds punctuality and hence customers are more satisfied which represents the rational resources of the company. BA has also continued to grow in order to meet at the crossroads with the needs of the customers through launching of routes from London to St Kitts, launch of the open skies and also flights from continental Europe to countries in North America. In addition, BA also made L’Avion and started to fly from London to NY JKF. The expansion is made in the efforts of BA coordinating its efforts to have a more international perspective that is cable of meeting the demands of the customers. BA Plc (2010), recognises that there are 5574 BA resources oversees and approximately 35, 920 in the UK. However, greater specificity is to be achieved through coordinating the resources and market availability (Schneider, Gunnarson & Niles-Jolly 1994). BA’s commitment to the needs of the customers is seen through the purchases of aircrafts which are modern which are also in the effort of appealing to customers. Other ways through which BA appeals to its customers is through being corporate responsible through its commitment in reducing carbon emissions (Johnson, Scholes, & Whittington 2008). Therefore BA is driven by the outside – in logic other than the inside – out logic for the balance between the company’s resources and the markets availability will always indicate a different shift where the company strategies are more bound towards meeting the demands of the market and hence the outside – in logic prevails. The Paradox of globalization versus localization Globalization is a strategy that is being adopted by international corporations in order for them to gain a competitive advantage over competitors. Strategic tensions that a company for instance BA has to face in light of globalization revolves around the concept of globalization that is to be adopted in light of achieving strategic goals. For instance, one of BA’s strategy is to increase its global presence with the strategic tensions in attaining this objective being whether global is to be taken in the terms of a worldwide scope that is to refer to the geographic presence of BA in the world, worldwide similarity of the BA’s products for instance, using the word global to refer to the homogeneity of BA’s products around the world or whether globalization (Thompson, Strickland & Stappenbech 1994) would be in the context of the integration of the operations of BA, that is linking the world as a system through its services (See Figure 5 for illustrations of the di mensions of globalization). A different tension lies in whether BA is to respect the differences that exist between markets defined by national boundaries which can be done through designing products and services that meet the needs of customers in different countries. The paradox of globalization and localization is a challenge that BA has to address in light of its strategy of having a global presence with questions ranging on how the company can address the globalization synergies and at the same time remain relevant in addressing the local synergies. BA’s Globalization and Localization To begin with, one of the ways through which BA’s strategy of global presence is achieved is through the strategic response of having a global connectivity for all the customers and this is achieved through BA establishing tier in most of the major cities in the world or through expansion which is gained through BA partnering with other airlines for instance the low fares airlines or through mergers for instance the merger of BA with Iberia, code sharing with Kingfisher carrier in India (in 2010) and the recent acquisition of BMI from Lufthansa in 2012. In addition, BA is one of the largest airlines in the UK a position that the company has gained through having a large fleet size, flies to over 300 destinations in the world and has shareholdings in BA city Flyer, Comair, Flybe, Open Skies, AIG, ICCR and BMI. In addition, the global presence of BA is felt through BA being the 5th largest airline by scheduled passengers. Without much further ado, the paradox of globalization versus localization for BA is congruent with the dichotomy of whether BA develops a business model distinctively different from its competitors or whether industry logic is the one that largely determines the firm’s strategy. In analysis, the drivers of globalization are market drivers, government drivers and competitor’s drivers which have less to do with BA developing a business model that is distinct from its competitors. As a major airline in UK, BA enjoys economies of scale and understands that it must have the oligopoly characteristics where firms operating in an oligopoly market cannot act independently on their own (De Wit& Meyer 2010) and hence disputing the fact that BA can develop a business model distinct from its competitors (Porter 1985). Owing to the drivers that make a firm to be globalised, BA’s strategies are interdependent with its competitors. For instance, deregulation brought new agreements for example the EU – US Open Skies agreement in 2008 which brought a shift to competition in Transatlantic Routes and as a result the US Carrier Deltas, US Airways and the Continental started operations at Heathrow in 2009. Therefore, it is less convincing to claim that BA develops a business model distinct to it for clear facts exists to establish the claim that it does not act independently of its competitors and one of the ways it does so is through the strategy of having a global presence in response of what its competitors are achieving (the operations of other airlines which are taking advantage of deregulation to coin agreements and operate in other countries) (Roth & Ricks 1994). The paradox of Responsiveness and Synergy This paradox brings into focus a company’s dilemma of how to respond to the competition in the industry and whether the company can match the demands of the market and at the same time maintain the responsiveness of the business. In order to have synergies in an organization there is need for a company to unify the different activities carried out in the organization which in some instances may make a company lose its business responsiveness. For a company to attain synergies and at the same time attain responsiveness (Mintzberg, Quinn & Ghoshal 2002), the organization must draw out clearly its corporate scope for instances of how many businesses the company should have, corporate distribution, for instance the weight that is to be placed on each business unit in the organization, integrated mechanisms for instance of how the synergies in the company’s business should be achieved and the management mechanisms that ensures that the synergies so developed are a reality to the company. The meeting point of a business responsiveness and the synergies so created, results to the paradox of responsiveness versus synergy. Business demands presents a business to forces that pull it apart while the synergies pul ls the company into an integrated whole. BA’s Responsiveness versus Synergy One of BA’s strategies is to meet the ever changing needs of the consumer for instance meeting the needs of the ageing population which requires the company to provide more value to the products offered to this market segment, reinforce the company’s brand, development of new products and also through enhancing customer loyalty (Mintzberg & Ahlstrand 1998). For the company to achieve the above strategy through the strategic responses discussed above, there is need to coordinate the various units of the organization into a functional whole whereby units so entrusted with the development of new products, researching on upcoming market trends are an integrated whole of the organization and hence the synergies. For instance, the finance department of the organization needs to avail funds to the research and development of the organization so that proper research on upcoming trends is conducted effectively. This principle is consistent with making the parts an integrated par t of the whole for the whole to function as one unit, that is the organization (Raynor 2005). The paradox of responsiveness and synergy can be best achieved when the management and the leadership style demonstrates control or managed chaos. In a controlled leadership, a company attains responsiveness (Porter 1996) and at the same time attains synergies because the management of the organization is organized in such a way that the different businesses or the department in the organization are headed by leaders who have the same goals. In a leadership where there is chaos, the synergies and the business responsiveness losses focus for the management is not organised to attain the responsiveness and the synergies (Mintzberg & Ahlstrand 1998). . Conclusion In light of the volatility of the airline industry, the strategies that BA has put in place are best achieved when the paradoxes of globalization versus localization, markets versus resources and responsiveness versus synergies are analysed in the context of the dichotomies applicable to paradoxes. In so doing, BA will not only maintain its current position as being the best airliner in the UK, but also attain competitive advantage over other airliners who are its competitors and also potential entrants (McGahan & Porter 1997). Bibliographies Reals, K. n.d., UK will Suffer Unless Long – Term Aviation Policy is developed: CAA. Retrieved from; http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/uk-will-suffer-unless-long-term-aviation-policy-is-developed-caa-366738/, Retrieved on 28th May, 2012. De Wit, B. & Meyer, R. 2010, Strategy Process, Content, Context. New York; Cengage Learning. 4th Ed. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M. & Pitsis, T. 2008, Managing and Organizations: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New York; Sage Publications. Fine, L. 2009, The Swot Analysis: Using your Strength to Overcome Weaknesses, Using Opportunities to Overcome Threats. New York; CreateSpace Publishers. Mintzberg, H. B. Ahlstrand, J. L., 1998, Strategy Safari, New York; Free Press. Schneider, B., Gunnarson, S.K., Niles-Jolly, K. 1994, Creating the climate and culture of success. Organizational Dynamics, 23(1), 17-29 Roth, K. & Ricks, D. A. 1994, â€Å"Goal Configuration in a Global Industry Context.† Strategic Management Journal; 15, 103 – 120 Porter, M. E. 1996, â€Å"What is Strategy?† Harvard Business Review. pp. 61 – 78. Porter, M. E. 1985, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York; Free Press.

Essay on Henry Ford - 1366 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The birth of the automobile was truly something special. Once a far fetched dream is now what many people believe to be the back bone of the American economy. When people think about the automobile the name that comes to mind is most usually Henry Ford. Although he is not credited with the invention of the automobile, Henry Ford played a crucial role in the development of mass production. The automobile was first invented Europe in 1771 with a top speed of 2.3 miles per hour. A man by the name of Gottliech Daimler produced what was known as the milestone car in 1889, this vehicle traveled at 10 miles per hour (Brown, 105). Not more then a handful of these cars were produced over seas. Not many people had ever†¦show more content†¦In 1908 Henry Ford had constructed the Model T; the time it took him to create this automobile was 13 days. Now eager to achieve more, Ford knew that he needed a place to construct these cars. He also knew that to sell mass amounts he would have to sell cheap, and buy parts and supplies even cheaper (Douglas, 25). The construction of the first Ford Motor plant used the world’s only conveyer belt. This was part of the Fords plan to build fast, when he constructed the assembly line cars were pumped out in as fast as 15 minuets, this was down from 19 days. Ford was able to make the automobile a car for everyman, a working man with a family. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;America was truly revolutionized by the invention of the assembly line, with the Ford Motor Company able to mass produce these cars people could drive anywhere and everywhere. Fords invention also created many jobs. With higher wages and fewer hours Henry Ford basically created a middle class for the American Society. At this period of time no other company had a shorter work day. As Ford produced and sold more cars he raised the wages. 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